What Are Two Features That Plant Cells Have That Animal Cells Do Not?

iv.7C: Comparing Plant and Brute Cells

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Although they are both eukaryotic cells, there are unique structural differences between animal and plant cells.

Learning Objectives

• Differentiate between the structures found in fauna and plant cells

Key Points

• Centrosomes and lysosomes are constitute in animal cells, but practise not exist within constitute cells.
• The lysosomes are the animal cell'south "garbage disposal", while in constitute cells the aforementioned function takes place in vacuoles.
• Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large cardinal vacuole, which are not found within creature cells.
• The cell wall is a rigid roofing that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell.
• The chloroplasts, institute in found cells, contain a greenish pigment chosen chlorophyll, which captures the light energy that drives the reactions of constitute photosynthesis.
• The primal vacuole plays a key role in regulating a plant cell'south concentration of water in changing environmental atmospheric condition.

Primal Terms

• protist: Any of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms including protozoans, slime molds and some algae; historically grouped into the kingdom Protoctista.
• autotroph: Any organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light equally a source of energy
• heterotroph: an organism that requires an external supply of energy in the course of food, every bit it cannot synthesize its own

Animal Cells versus Plant Cells

Each eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and in some, vacuoles; yet, there are some striking differences between animal and plant cells. While both animal and plant cells have microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), beast cells also have centrioles associated with the MTOC: a complex chosen the centrosome. Animate being cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes, whereas found cells do not. Constitute cells have a prison cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large primal vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.

The Centrosome

The centrosome is a microtubule-organizing center institute near the nuclei of brute cells. Information technology contains a pair of centrioles, two structures that lie perpendicular to each other. Each centriole is a cylinder of nine triplets of microtubules. The centrosome (the organelle where all microtubules originate) replicates itself before a prison cell divides, and the centrioles announced to have some part in pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing jail cell. However, the verbal office of the centrioles in jail cell division isn't clear, because cells that accept had the centrosome removed can still divide; and plant cells, which lack centrosomes, are capable of prison cell partitioning.

The Centrosome Structure: The centrosome consists of two centrioles that lie at right angles to each other. Each centriole is a cylinder made upwards of nine triplets of microtubules. Nontubulin proteins (indicated by the dark-green lines) hold the microtubule triplets together.

Lysosomes

Animal cells accept another fix of organelles not found in plant cells: lysosomes. The lysosomes are the cell's "garbage disposal." In plant cells, the digestive processes have identify in vacuoles. Enzymes within the lysosomes aid the breakup of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles. These enzymes are active at a much lower pH than that of the cytoplasm. Therefore, the pH within lysosomes is more acidic than the pH of the cytoplasm. Many reactions that accept place in the cytoplasm could non occur at a low pH, so the advantage of compartmentalizing the eukaryotic jail cell into organelles is apparent.

The Cell Wall

The cell wall is a rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell. Fungal and protistan cells too accept prison cell walls. While the chief component of prokaryotic cell walls is peptidoglycan, the major organic molecule in the plant cell wall is cellulose, a polysaccharide comprised of glucose units. When yous bite into a raw vegetable, like celery, it crunches. That's because you are tearing the rigid cell walls of the celery cells with your teeth.

Figure: Cellulose: Cellulose is a long concatenation of β-glucose molecules connected by a 1-4 linkage. The dashed lines at each end of the figure bespeak a serial of many more glucose units. The size of the folio makes information technology impossible to portray an unabridged cellulose molecule.

Chloroplasts

Like mitochondria, chloroplasts accept their own Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribosomes, but chloroplasts have an entirely unlike function. Chloroplasts are plant prison cell organelles that comport out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the serial of reactions that use carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to make glucose and oxygen. This is a major difference between plants and animals; plants (autotrophs) are able to make their own food, like sugars, while animals (heterotrophs) must ingest their nutrient.

Like mitochondria, chloroplasts take outer and inner membranes, only within the space enclosed past a chloroplast's inner membrane is a set up of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs chosen thylakoids. Each stack of thylakoids is called a granum (plural = grana). The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane that surrounds the grana is chosen the stroma.

Figure: The Chloroplast Structure: The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and membrane structures called thylakoids that are stacked into grana. The infinite inside the thylakoid membranes is chosen the thylakoid space. The calorie-free harvesting reactions take identify in the thylakoid membranes, and the synthesis of sugar takes identify in the fluid inside the inner membrane, which is called the stroma.

The chloroplasts comprise a green pigment called chlorophyll, which captures the light energy that drives the reactions of photosynthesis. Similar plant cells, photosynthetic protists too have chloroplasts. Some bacteria perform photosynthesis, merely their chlorophyll is non relegated to an organelle.

The Fundamental Vacuole

The key vacuole plays a key role in regulating the prison cell's concentration of h2o in irresolute environmental conditions. When you forget to h2o a plant for a few days, it wilts. That'south considering as the water concentration in the soil becomes lower than the water concentration in the plant, h2o moves out of the central vacuoles and cytoplasm. As the central vacuole shrinks, it leaves the jail cell wall unsupported. This loss of support to the jail cell walls of institute cells results in the wilted appearance of the establish. The key vacuole also supports the expansion of the cell. When the central vacuole holds more water, the cell gets larger without having to invest a lot of free energy in synthesizing new cytoplasm.

Source: https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book:_Microbiology_%28Boundless%29/4:_Cell_Structure_of_Bacteria_Archaea_and_Eukaryotes/4.7:_Internal_Structures_of_Eukaryotic_Cells/4.7C:_Comparing_Plant_and_Animal_Cells

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